Nicolle, David (2000). The satrapies handed out by Perdiccas at the Partition of Babylon became power bases each general used to bid for power. [216] Although Alexander was stubborn and did not respond well to orders from his father, he was open to reasoned debate. WebAlexander the Great, also known as Alexander III or Alexander of Macedonia, (born 356 bce, Pella, Macedonia [northwest of Thessalonki, Greece]died June 13, 323 bce, Babylon [near Al-illah, Iraq]), king of Macedonia (336323 bce), who overthrew the Persian empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of However, Alexander was met with resistance at Gaza. CITY COUNCIL / PLANNING & ZONING. He invited the chieftains of the former satrapy of Gandhara (a region presently straddling eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan), to come to him and submit to his authority. Its finely-grained structure lends a smooth, rich, beefy flavor. Bucephalas carried Alexander as far as India. Alexander I, Russian in full Aleksandr Pavlovich, (born December 23 [December 12, Old Style], 1777, St. Petersburg, Russiadied December 1 [November 19], 1825, Taganrog), emperor of Russia (180125), who alternately fought and befriended Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars but who ultimately (181315) helped form the ", In 337 BC, Alexander fled Macedon with his mother, dropping her off with her brother, King Alexander I of Epirus in Dodona, capital of the Molossians. The cosmopolitan art and mythology of Gandhara (a region spanning the upper confluence of the Indus, Swat and Kabul rivers in modern Pakistan) of the ~3rd century BC to the ~5th century AD are most evident of the direct contact between Hellenistic civilization and South Asia, as are the Edicts of Ashoka, which directly mention the Greeks within Ashoka's dominion as converting to Buddhism and the reception of Buddhist emissaries by Ashoka's contemporaries in the Hellenistic world. [216] Alexander's mother Olympia similarly had huge ambitions, and encouraged her son to believe it was his destiny to conquer the Persian Empire. The so-called "Alexander Sarcophagus", discovered near Sidon and now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum, is so named not because it was thought to have contained Alexander's remains, but because its bas-reliefs depict Alexander and his companions fighting the Persians and hunting. [102] The latter were in many cases additionally connected through marriage alliances with the royal Achaemenid family. At the time of his death, Alexander's empire covered some 5,200,000km2 (2,000,000sqmi),[257] and was the largest state of its time. Alexander followed close behind and captured the strategic hill-fort after four bloody days. [17] Some of the cities he founded became major cultural centers, many surviving into the 21st century. [102] As early as 334 BC he demonstrated awareness of this, when he challenged incumbent King Darius III "by appropriating the main elements of the Achaemenid monarchy's ideology, particularly the theme of the king who protects the lands and the peasants". Alexander was born in 356 B.C.E. "[305], In the first centuries after Alexander's death, probably in Alexandria, a quantity of the legendary material coalesced into a text known as the Alexander Romance, later falsely ascribed to Callisthenes and therefore known as Pseudo-Callisthenes. [312] Alexander was depicted as performing a Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) many times in subsequent Islamic art and literature. [68] At the ancient Phrygian capital of Gordium, Alexander "undid" the hitherto unsolvable Gordian Knot, a feat said to await the future "king of Asia". Chemistry. This is cited as a reason for sparing Jerusalem. [162] Another recent analysis suggested pyogenic (infectious) spondylitis or meningitis. Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the resulting spread of Greek culture led to the overwhelming dominance of Hellenistic civilization and influence as far east as the Indian subcontinent. [97] As Alexander approached, Bessus had his men fatally stab the Great King and then declared himself Darius's successor as Artaxerxes V, before retreating into Central Asia to launch a guerrilla campaign against Alexander. His official historian, Callisthenes of Olynthus, was implicated in the plot, and in the Anabasis of Alexander, Arrian states that Callisthenes and the pages were then tortured on the rack as punishment, and likely died soon after. It appears that the Egyptian people did not find it disturbing that he was a foreigner - nor that he was absent for virtually his entire reign. According to the ancient sources, the two sides fought bitterly for some time. Origin: The name Alexander is the Latin form of the Greek name Alexandros. Marching west into Illyria, Alexander defeated each in turn, forcing the two rulers to flee with their troops. That same day, Philip received news that his general Parmenion had defeated the combined Illyrian and Paeonian armies and that his horses had won at the Olympic Games. See All [107][260] However, a century or so after Alexander's death, many of the Alexandrias were thriving, with elaborate public buildings and substantial populations that included both Greek and local peoples. [16] Alexander was raised in the manner of noble Macedonian youths, learning to read, play the lyre, ride, fight, and hunt. [102] Against Bessus (Artaxerxes V) however, Briant adds, Alexander reasserted "his claim to legitimacy as the avenger of Darius III". [35] At Corinth, Philip established a "Hellenic Alliance" (modelled on the old anti-Persian alliance of the Greco-Persian Wars), which included most Greek city-states except Sparta. There are many alternate spellings of Alexander depending. [85], Babylonian astronomical diaries say that "the king of the world, Alexander" sent his scouts with a message to the people of Babylon before entering the city: "I shall not enter your houses". This is the most popular grill steak in the country. Anthropology. It is one of a group of disorders, called leukodystrophies, that involve the destruction of myelin. AFTERSHOCK T-SHIRT $36.00. [124] Alexander was impressed by Porus's bravery, and made him an ally. Though advised to use diplomacy, Alexander mustered 3,000 Macedonian cavalry and rode south towards Thessaly. This is in line with the description of him given by the Greek biographer Plutarch (c. 45 c.120AD): The outward appearance of Alexander is best represented by the statues of him which Lysippus made, and it was by this artist alone that Alexander himself thought it fit that he should be modelled. Commerce. [29], At the age of 16, Alexander's education under Aristotle ended. [181], During his final years, and especially after the death of Hephaestion, Alexander began to exhibit signs of megalomania and paranoia. Menu. Their works are lost, but later works based on these original sources have survived. Ptolemy IX Lathyros, one of Ptolemy's final successors, replaced Alexander's sarcophagus with a glass one so he could convert the original to coinage. Buy Now. [273] Koine spread throughout the Hellenistic world, becoming the lingua franca of Hellenistic lands and eventually the ancestor of modern Greek. [56], Before crossing to Asia, Alexander wanted to safeguard his northern borders. [194] Alexander placed the phalanx at the center and cavalry and archers on the wings, so that his line matched the length of the Persian cavalry line, about 3km (1.86mi). [140], After three days, unable to persuade his men to back down, Alexander gave Persians command posts in the army and conferred Macedonian military titles upon Persian units. [221] He had a calmer sideperceptive, logical, and calculating. [284] The emperor Trajan also admired Alexander, as did Nero and Caracalla. [45], In summer 336BC, while at Aegae attending the wedding of his daughter Cleopatra to Olympias's brother, Alexander I of Epirus, Philip was assassinated by the captain of his bodyguards, Pausanias. [254] Green suggested that, in the context of the period, Alexander formed quite strong friendships with women, including Ada of Caria, who adopted him, and even Darius's mother Sisygambis, who supposedly died from grief upon hearing of Alexander's death. [111] There was also considerable friction between Antipater and Olympias, and each complained to Alexander about the other. A few official letters addressed to the Greek cities survive in copies inscribed in stone and the content of others is sometimes reported in historical sources. Biology. Also, the New Testament was written in the Koine Greek language. The Theban resistance was ineffective, and Alexander razed the city and divided its territory between the other Boeotian cities. After the defeat, Spitamenes was killed by his own men, who then sued for peace. Alexander and his exploits were admired by many Romans, especially generals, who wanted to associate themselves with his achievements. GERIN Dominique, GRANDJEAN Catherine, AMANDRY Michel, DE CALLATAY Franois, La monnaie grecque, "L'Antiquit: une histoire", Ellipse, 2001. p117-119. [62] Antipater referred the Spartans' punishment to the League of Corinth, which then deferred to Alexander, who chose to pardon them. [216] She instilled a sense of destiny in him,[218] and Plutarch tells how his ambition "kept his spirit serious and lofty in advance of his years". We are proud to be a store that reflects our interests and those of our community. [26], Suda writes that Anaximenes of Lampsacus was one of Alexander's teachers, and that Anaximenes also accompanied Alexander on his campaigns. WebAlexanders is still family owned, which means we can do business the way we want to, based on our deeply-rooted values and long-held traditions. FIRE DEPT. WebAlexander Forbes is committed to protecting the integrity of all client information within an international best practice compliance framework. [251] Two of these pregnancies Stateira's and Barsine's are of dubious legitimacy. [290], After Caracalla concluded his campaign against the Alamanni, it became evident that he was inordinately preoccupied with Alexander the Great. Leycester Coltman, The Real Fidel Castro, p 220. [116] The reverse design of Alexander's tetradrachms is closely modelled on the depiction of the god Baaltars (Baal of Tarsus), on the silver staters minted at Tarsus by the Persian satrap Mazaeus before Alexander's conquest. Some of the first and most influential figurative portrayals of the Buddha appeared at this time, perhaps modelled on Greek statues of Apollo in the Greco-Buddhist style. [104] However, when, at some point later, Alexander was on the Jaxartes dealing with an incursion by a horse nomad army, Spitamenes raised Sogdiana in revolt. [19], When Alexander was 13, Philip began to search for a tutor, and considered such academics as Isocrates and Speusippus, the latter offering to resign from his stewardship of the Academy to take up the post. Alexander eventually agreed and turned south, marching along the Indus. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand war elephants. ABOUT US; CONTACT US; CITY BOARDS; NEWS & EVENTS. We are proud to be a store that reflects our interests and those of our community. [136], Discovering that many of his satraps and military governors had misbehaved in his absence, Alexander executed several of them as examples on his way to Susa. [129] Philostratus the Elder in the Life of Apollonius of Tyana writes that in the army of Porus there was an elephant who fought brave against Alexander's army and Alexander dedicated it to the Helios (Sun) and named it Ajax, because he thought that a so great animal deserved a great name. It is one of a group of disorders, called leukodystrophies, that involve the destruction of myelin. His father Philip was probably Alexander's most immediate and influential role model, as the young Alexander watched him campaign practically every year, winning victory after victory while ignoring severe wounds. WebAlexander Forbes is committed to protecting the integrity of all client information within an international best practice compliance framework. [47][49][52], News of Philip's death roused many states into revolt, including Thebes, Athens, Thessaly, and the Thracian tribes north of Macedon. [298] Pliny the Elder adds that the planned distance was 12 kilometres (7.5mi), and the purpose was to cut a canal through the isthmus to connect the Caystrian and Hermaean bays. [152][154] There was even a suggestion that Aristotle may have participated. Alexander was a Peripatetic philosopher and commentator, active in the late second and early third century CE. CITY PARK. WebAlexander (2004) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. They refused to be sent away and criticized his adoption of Persian customs and dress and the introduction of Persian officers and soldiers into Macedonian units. WebLeading promotional products manufacturer since 1943. The campaign took Alexander through Media, Parthia, Aria (West Afghanistan), Drangiana, Arachosia (South and Central Afghanistan), Bactria (North and Central Afghanistan), and Scythia. The first refers merely to the Roman battle line and does not specifically mean that the men were armed with pikes, and the second bears similarity to the 'Marian Mules' of the late Roman Republic who carried their equipment suspended from a long pole, which were in use until at least the 2nd century AD. A juicy, generously marbled steak and one of the tenderest cuts of beef. 31.IONIA", "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), MIMAS", "The Mughal Sikander: Influence of the Romance of Alexander on Mughal Manuscript Painting", "Quintus Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander the Great", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_the_Great&oldid=1134035428, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing Persian-language text, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, The brave ruler who has attacked foreign lands, The ruler of the rulers of the entire land, The lion, great of might, who takes possession of mountains, lands, and deserts, The (strong) bull who protects Egypt, the ruler of the sea and of what the sun encircles, Construction of 1,000 ships larger than triremes, along with harbours and a road running along the African coast all the way to the, Amalgamation of small settlements into larger cities (", Construction of a monumental tomb for his father Philip, "to match the greatest of the, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 18:17. Alexander's death left unexecuted an additional series of planned military and mercantile campaigns that would have begun with a Greek invasion of Arabia. ABOUT US. When the Thessalians awoke the next day, they found Alexander in their rear and promptly surrendered, adding their cavalry to Alexander's force. The Greek cities on the western coast of Anatolia revolted until the news arrived that Philip had been murdered and had been succeeded by his young son Alexander. [3][4], Until the age of 16, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle. Was it Veratrum album? Although his successors explicitly rejected such policies, Hellenization occurred throughout the region, accompanied by a distinct and opposite 'Orientalization' of the successor states. WebAlexander disease is a rare disorder of the nervous system. [149] Arrian also mentioned this as an alternative, but Plutarch specifically denied this claim. HOME. Computer Science. Vocabulary. [78] He was pronounced son of the deity Amun at the Oracle of Siwa Oasis in the Libyan desert. [33], As Philip marched south, his opponents blocked him near Chaeronea, Boeotia. [310] In this tradition, he was a heroic figure who built a wall to defend against the nations of Gog and Magog. With these victories, he secured his northern frontier. AFTERSHOCK STICKER PACK $20.00. [61] Alexander then set out on his Asian campaign, leaving Antipater as regent. [181] However, the power vacuum he left in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent directly gave rise to one of the most powerful Indian dynasties in history, the Maurya Empire. The Macedonians were a Greek tribe. His troops misunderstood his intention and mutinied at the town of Opis. [141] In an attempt to craft a lasting harmony between his Macedonian and Persian subjects, Alexander held a mass marriage of his senior officers to Persian and other noblewomen at Susa, but few of those marriages seem to have lasted much beyond a year. Alexander was born in 356 B.C.E. [31], Philip and his army joined his son in 338 BC, and they marched south through Thermopylae, taking it after stubborn resistance from its Theban garrison. [269] Aspects of Hellenistic culture were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire in the mid-15th century.[274]. WebThe story is an epic that is as daring and ambitious as its subject, a relentless conqueror who by the age of 32 had amassed the greatest empire the world had ever seen. The stronghold was heavily fortified and built on a hill, requiring a siege. p. 75. WebThe name Alexander is primarily a male name of Greek origin that means Defender Of The People. Alexander was the son of King Philip II of Macedonia, a realm north of Greece. The Macedonians quickly begged forgiveness, which Alexander accepted, and held a great banquet with several thousand of his men. When Alexander was ten years old, a trader from Thessaly brought Philip a horse, which he offered to sell for thirteen talents. Struck under Balakros or Menes, circa 333-327 BC", "Images of Authority II: The Greek Example", Alexander: Selected Texts from Arrian, Curtius and Plutarch, The Classical Tradition: Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature: Greek and Roman Influences on Western Literature, "World map according to Eratosthenes (194 B.C. Tarsos mint. Curtius Rufus, a Roman historian from the first century AD, who wrote the Histories of Alexander the Great, gives this account of Alexander sitting on the throne of Darius III: Then Alexander seating himself on the royal throne, which was far too high for his bodily stature. ", "Alexander the Great poisoned by the River Styx", "Alexander the Great and West Nile Virus Encephalitis", "Why Alexander the Great May Have Been Declared Dead Prematurely (It's Pretty Gruesome)", "The Location of the Tomb: Facts and Speculation", "The Aftermath: The Burial of Alexander the Great", "Greeks captivated by Alexander-era tomb at Amphipolis", "Archaeologist claims opulent grave in Greece honored Alexander the Great's best friend", "Hephaestion's Monogram Found at Amphipolis Tomb", "Plutarch, Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata, ", "Plutarch, De Alexandri magni fortuna aut virtute, chapter 2, section 4", "CNG: eAuction 430. Alexander has figured in both high and popular culture beginning in his own era to the present day. WebAlexanders is still family owned, which means we can do business the way we want to, based on our deeply-rooted values and long-held traditions. Darius fled the battle, causing his army to collapse, and left behind his wife, his two daughters, his mother Sisygambis, and a fabulous treasure. [159][160] Another poisoning explanation put forward in 2010 proposed that the circumstances of his death were compatible with poisoning by water of the river Styx (modern-day Mavroneri in Arcadia, Greece) that contained calicheamicin, a dangerous compound produced by bacteria. Marbled steak and one of a group of disorders, called leukodystrophies, that involve the destruction of myelin smooth! Rode south towards Thessaly cuts of beef recent analysis suggested pyogenic ( infectious ) spondylitis or meningitis of! Rode south towards Thessaly for thirteen talents divided its territory between the other marching west into Illyria, Alexander stubborn... Bases each general used to bid for power agreed and turned south his... 152 ] [ 154 ] There was also considerable friction between Antipater and Olympias, and calculating commentator, in. 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